RESUMO
We present an extensive investigation using density functional theory (DFT) calculations on various model graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures interacting with chlorine monoxide ClO, aiming to understand the role of this highly oxidizing species in C-C bond breakage and the formation of significant holes on GO sheets. During its function, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme abundantly generates chlorine-oxygen-containing species and their presence has been identified as the cause of degradation in carbon nanotubes of diverse sizes, morphologies, and chemical compositions, both in in vivo and in vitro samples. Notably, Kurapati et al. (Small, 2015, 11, 3985-3994) demonstrated efficient degradation of single GO monolayers through MPO catalysis, though the exact degradation mechanism remains unclear. In our study, we discover that breaking C-C bonds in a single graphene oxide sheet is achievable through a simple mechanism involving the dissociation of two ClO molecules that are chemically attached as nearest neighbor species but bonded to opposite sides of the GO layer (up/down configuration). Two new carbonyl oxygens appear on the surface and the Cl atoms can be transferred to the carbon layer or as physisorbed species near the GO surface. Relatively small energy barriers are associated with these molecular events. Continuing this process on neighboring sites leads to the presence of larger holes on the GO surface, accompanied by an increase in carbonyl species on the carbon network, consistent with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Indeed, the distribution of oxygen functionalities is found to be crucial in defining the damage pattern induced in the carbon layer. We emphasize the important role played by the local charge distribution in the stability or instability of chemical bonds, as well as in the energy barriers and reaction pathways. Finally, we explore the possibility of achieving chlorination of GO following MPO exposure. The here-reported predictions could be the root cause of the experimentally observed low stability of individual GO sheets during the MPO catalytic cycle.
RESUMO
We present extensive pseudopotential density functional theory calculations dedicated to analyze the stability and dissociation behavior of NO molecules adsorbed on small nonmagnetic Rh(n)± clusters. Following the experimental work of Anderson et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 10992), we consider rhodium structures of different sizes (n = 3, 4, 6, and 13) and charge states onto which we attach NO species in both molecular and dissociative configurations. The relative stability between different Rh(n)± isomers depends on the ionization state of the clusters as well as on the presence of NO adsorbates on the surface. Various adsorbed configurations for the NO molecules are found when switching from cationic to neutral to anionic rhodium clusters. In particular adsorbed phases in which the NO molecule is attached with its N-O bond parallel to the plane of square or triangular facets are characterized by elongated nitrogen-oxygen interatomic distances, a fact that plays a fundamental role in the dissociation behavior of the adsorbate. We use the nudged elastic band method to analyze possible reaction pathways and transition states that could be present in our (Rh(n) + NO)± systems. We found (as in surface studies) that the dissociation of the N-O bond is more easily obtained on square facets than on triangular atomic environments, a fact that indirectly reveals the structure of Rh(n)± clusters present in the gas phase experiments. The energy barriers that need to be overcome to achieve the breaking of the N-O bond depend on the charge state of the systems, a result that could be used to tune the catalytic activity of these types of materials.
